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Infrastructure

Platform infrastructure provides the foundational computing, networking, and storage resources that enable applications to run reliably at scale. This section covers infrastructure architecture, deployment strategies, and operational best practices for cloud-native applications.

Infrastructure Architecture​

Modern platform infrastructure emphasizes automation, reliability, and scalability:

Cloud-Native Principles​

  • Infrastructure as Code (IaC): Version-controlled, repeatable infrastructure
  • Immutable Infrastructure: Replace rather than modify infrastructure components
  • Auto-Scaling: Dynamically adjust resources based on demand
  • Fault Tolerance: Design for failure at every level
  • Observability: Comprehensive monitoring and logging across all layers

Multi-Tier Architecture​

Organize infrastructure into logical layers:

Container Orchestration​

Kubernetes Foundation​

Kubernetes provides the orchestration layer for containerized applications:

Core Components​

  • Control Plane: API server, scheduler, controller manager
  • Worker Nodes: kubelet, container runtime, kube-proxy
  • Networking: CNI plugins for pod-to-pod communication
  • Storage: Persistent volumes and storage classes

Resource Management​

# Example deployment with resource limits
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: web-application
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: web-application
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: web-application
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: app
        image: my-app:v1.0.0
        resources:
          requests:
            memory: "256Mi"
            cpu: "250m"
          limits:
            memory: "512Mi"
            cpu: "500m"
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /health
            port: 8080
          initialDelaySeconds: 30
          periodSeconds: 10

Service Mesh Architecture​

Enhance microservice communication:

  • Traffic Management: Load balancing, routing, and failover
  • Security: mTLS, authentication, and authorization
  • Observability: Distributed tracing and metrics
  • Policy Enforcement: Rate limiting and access control

Infrastructure as Code​

Terraform for Cloud Resources​

Manage cloud infrastructure declaratively:

# Example Kubernetes cluster configuration
resource "aws_eks_cluster" "main" {
  name     = var.cluster_name
  role_arn = aws_iam_role.cluster.arn
  version  = var.kubernetes_version

  vpc_config {
    subnet_ids              = var.subnet_ids
    endpoint_private_access = true
    endpoint_public_access  = true
  }

  encryption_config {
    provider {
      key_arn = aws_kms_key.cluster.arn
    }
    resources = ["secrets"]
  }

  depends_on = [
    aws_iam_role_policy_attachment.cluster_AmazonEKSClusterPolicy
  ]
}

resource "aws_eks_node_group" "main" {
  cluster_name    = aws_eks_cluster.main.name
  node_group_name = "${var.cluster_name}-workers"
  node_role_arn   = aws_iam_role.workers.arn
  subnet_ids      = var.subnet_ids

  scaling_config {
    desired_size = var.desired_nodes
    max_size     = var.max_nodes
    min_size     = var.min_nodes
  }

  update_config {
    max_unavailable = 1
  }
}

Helm for Application Deployment​

Package and deploy applications consistently:

# values.yaml for application deployment
replicaCount: 3

image:
  repository: my-registry/my-app
  tag: "v1.0.0"
  pullPolicy: IfNotPresent

service:
  type: ClusterIP
  port: 80
  targetPort: 8080

ingress:
  enabled: true
  annotations:
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-prod
  hosts:
    - host: api.example.com
      paths:
        - path: /
          pathType: Prefix
  tls:
    - secretName: api-tls
      hosts:
        - api.example.com

autoscaling:
  enabled: true
  minReplicas: 3
  maxReplicas: 10
  targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 70

Networking and Security​

Network Architecture​

Design secure, scalable network topologies:

VPC Design Patterns​

  • Multi-AZ Deployment: High availability across availability zones
  • Public/Private Subnets: Separate external and internal traffic
  • Network Segmentation: Isolate different application tiers
  • Transit Gateway: Connect multiple VPCs and on-premises networks

Security Groups and NACLs​

# Security group for web applications
resource "aws_security_group" "web_app" {
  name_prefix = "${var.environment}-web-app"
  vpc_id      = var.vpc_id

  ingress {
    from_port   = 80
    to_port     = 80
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }

  ingress {
    from_port   = 443
    to_port     = 443
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }

  egress {
    from_port   = 0
    to_port     = 0
    protocol    = "-1"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }

  tags = {
    Name        = "${var.environment}-web-app-sg"
    Environment = var.environment
  }
}

SSL/TLS Management​

Automated certificate management:

  • cert-manager: Automatic certificate provisioning and renewal
  • Let's Encrypt: Free SSL certificates for public endpoints
  • Internal PKI: Certificate authority for internal service communication
  • Certificate Rotation: Automated certificate lifecycle management

Storage and Data Management​

Persistent Storage​

Choose appropriate storage for different use cases:

Storage Classes​

# High-performance SSD storage class
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass
metadata:
  name: fast-ssd
provisioner: kubernetes.io/aws-ebs
parameters:
  type: gp3
  iops: "3000"
  throughput: "125"
  fsType: ext4
allowVolumeExpansion: true
volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer

Backup and Recovery​

  • Automated Backups: Scheduled backups of critical data
  • Cross-Region Replication: Disaster recovery across regions
  • Point-in-Time Recovery: Restore to specific timestamps
  • Backup Testing: Regular validation of backup integrity

Database Infrastructure​

Managed database services for different workloads:

  • Relational Databases: RDS, CloudSQL for ACID transactions
  • NoSQL Databases: DynamoDB, Firestore for scalable document storage
  • Cache Layers: ElastiCache, Memorystore for high-performance caching
  • Data Warehousing: BigQuery, Redshift for analytics workloads

Monitoring and Observability​

Infrastructure Monitoring​

Comprehensive visibility into infrastructure health:

Metrics Collection​

# Prometheus configuration for infrastructure monitoring
global:
  scrape_interval: 15s
  evaluation_interval: 15s

rule_files:
  - "rules/*.yml"

scrape_configs:
  - job_name: 'kubernetes-apiservers'
    kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: endpoints
    scheme: https
    tls_config:
      ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
    bearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
    relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace, __meta_kubernetes_service_name, __meta_kubernetes_endpoint_port_name]
        action: keep
        regex: default;kubernetes;https

  - job_name: 'kubernetes-nodes'
    kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: node
    scheme: https
    tls_config:
      ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
    bearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token

Log Aggregation​

Centralized logging for troubleshooting and auditing:

  • Log Collection: Fluentd, Vector for log shipping
  • Log Storage: Elasticsearch, Loki for searchable log storage
  • Log Analysis: Kibana, Grafana for log visualization
  • Log Retention: Automated log lifecycle management

Alerting Strategy​

Proactive issue detection and notification:

# Example Prometheus alerting rules
groups:
  - name: infrastructure.rules
    rules:
      - alert: HighCPUUsage
        expr: (100 - (avg by (instance) (irate(node_cpu_seconds_total{mode="idle"}[5m])) * 100)) > 80
        for: 5m
        labels:
          severity: warning
        annotations:
          summary: "High CPU usage on {{ $labels.instance }}"
          description: "CPU usage has been above 80% for more than 5 minutes"

      - alert: HighMemoryUsage
        expr: (1 - (node_memory_MemAvailable_bytes / node_memory_MemTotal_bytes)) * 100 > 85
        for: 5m
        labels:
          severity: warning
        annotations:
          summary: "High memory usage on {{ $labels.instance }}"
          description: "Memory usage has been above 85% for more than 5 minutes"

Security and Compliance​

Infrastructure Security​

Multi-layered security approach:

Identity and Access Management​

  • RBAC: Role-based access control for Kubernetes
  • Service Accounts: Automated authentication for applications
  • Pod Security: Security contexts and policies
  • Network Policies: Microsegmentation for pod communication

Compliance and Auditing​

  • Audit Logging: Complete audit trail of infrastructure changes
  • Compliance Scanning: Automated security and compliance checks
  • Vulnerability Management: Regular scanning and patching
  • Policy Enforcement: Automated policy compliance

Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity​

Backup Strategies​

Comprehensive data protection:

  • 3-2-1 Backup Rule: 3 copies, 2 different media, 1 offsite
  • Automated Backups: Scheduled backups without manual intervention
  • Cross-Region Replication: Geographic distribution for disaster recovery
  • Backup Testing: Regular validation of backup and restore procedures

High Availability Design​

Eliminate single points of failure:

  • Multi-Zone Deployment: Distribute across availability zones
  • Load Balancing: Distribute traffic across healthy instances
  • Auto-Scaling: Automatic capacity adjustment
  • Health Checks: Proactive failure detection and remediation

Cost Optimization​

Resource Management​

Optimize infrastructure costs:

  • Right-Sizing: Match resources to actual usage
  • Auto-Scaling: Scale resources based on demand
  • Reserved Instances: Long-term capacity planning
  • Spot Instances: Cost-effective compute for fault-tolerant workloads

Cost Monitoring​

Track and optimize infrastructure spending:

  • Cost Allocation: Tag resources for cost tracking
  • Budget Alerts: Proactive cost management
  • Usage Analytics: Identify optimization opportunities
  • Regular Reviews: Periodic cost optimization assessments

The guides below provide detailed implementation instructions for specific infrastructure components, including configuration examples and best practices.